Deforestation increases the abundance of rodents and their ectoparasites in the Lacandon forest, Southern Mexico

Introduction: Tropical forests provide important ecosystem services, including disease control. However, few studies have focused on how deforestation affects species more suitable to be zoonotic vectors. Objective: To evaluate how deforestation affects the abundance and species richness of rodents and their associated ectoparasites in a tropical ecosystem. Methods: We captured rodents in 6 landscape units, 1 km² each, with 0.7; 5; 40; 46; 78 and 95 % tree cover, in Marques de Comillas, Chiapas, Southern Mexico. In each unit we set 90 Sherman traps that were active 24 hours for 7 days during two sampling seasons (October 2019, and September 2020). We manually extracted ectoparasites from all captured rodents. Results: We captured 70 rodents of five species: Sigmodon toltecus, Heteromys desmarestianus, Ototylomys phyllotis, Peromyscus mexicanus, and Oryzomys couesi. Rodent abundance increased with forest loss (R²= 0.706, P= 0.022). The greatest richness of rodent species occurred in sites with intermediate forest cover (40 and 78 %). The most abundant species were: S. toltecus (N= 45) followed by O. couesi (N= 9), these species dominated in sites with less forest cover. We recorded a total of 23 ectoparasite species, three of them known to be zoonotic vectors: Amblyomma sp., Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi. Conclusions: The ongoing loss of forests promotes the proliferation of zoonotic disease vectors in this tropical ecosystem, which can potentially increase the frequency of affectation among the local population.

Introducción: Un servicio particularmente importante que brindan los bosques tropicales es el control de enfermedades. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han enfocado en analizar cómo este servicio es afectado por la deforestación. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la deforestación en la abundancia y riqueza de especies de roedores y de sus ectoparásitos en Marqués de Comillas, en el sureste de México. Métodos: Capturamos roedores en 6 unidades del paisaje (UP), cada una de 1 km², con distintos porcentajes de cobertura vegetal (0.7, 5, 40, 46, 78 y 95 %). En cada UP colocamos 90 trampas Sherman, que permanecieron activas las 24 horas por 7 días durante dos muestreos en octubre 2019 y septiembre 2020. Todos los roedores capturados fueron revisados para detectar ectoparásitos en su pelaje que fueron recolectados para su posterior identificación en el laboratorio. Resultados: Capturamos 70 roedores de cinco especies: Sigmodon toltecus, Heteromys desmarestianus, Ototylomys phyllotis, Peromyscus mexicanus y Oryzomys couesi. La abundancia de roedores aumentó con la pérdida de bosque (R² = 0.706, P = 0.022). La mayor riqueza de especies de roedores se presentó en sitios con cobertura forestal intermedia (40 y 78 %). Las especies más abundantes fueron: S. toltecus (N = 45) seguido de O. couesi (N = 9), estas especies dominaron en los sitios con menor cobertura forestal. Registramos un total de 23 ectoparásitos diferentes, identificamos 15 a nivel de especie y ocho a nivel de género. Los sitios con menor cobertura forestal presentaron la menor riqueza de especies de ectoparásitos. Detectamos tres especies de ectoparásitos (Amblyomma sp., Ornithonyssus bacoti y Androlaelaps fahrenholzi) que se sabe que son vectores de enfermedades zoonóticas. Conclusión: Encontramos que la deforestación está promoviendo un aumento en la proliferación de vectores de enfermedades zoonóticas lo que, a su vez, tiene el potencial de incrementar las afectaciones de la población local.

Estrategias de control de la Equinococosis quística en el Uruguay / Strategies for the control of cystic echinococcosis in Uruguay / Estratégias de controle da equinococose cística no Uruguai

La equinococosis quística es una zoonosis de origen parasitario con distribución cosmopolita. En nuestro país continúa siendo una enfermedad endémica, afectando principalmente pequeños centros poblados y áreas rurales pobres relacionadas a la producción ovina. Los planes de control requieren de un abordaje holístico, con la participación de diferentes instituciones, profesionales y en especial de la comunidad. La cooperación regional busca monitorizar el avance de la enfermedad y centrar las medidas de acción sobre cuatro ejes, definidos según los puntos de intervención más comunes para la quiebra del ciclo de transmisión y la consecuente reducción en incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad. La presente revisión utilizó literatura obtenida en diferentes bases de datos, bibliotecas virtuales y sitios web regionales y locales con el objetivo describir las principales estrategias de control, vigilancia y prevención aplicadas actualmente en nuestro país.

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonosis of parasitic origin with cosmopolitan distribution. In our country it continues to be an endemic disease, affecting mainly small population centers and poor rural areas related to sheep production. Control plans require a holistic approach, with the participation of different institutions, professionals and especially the community. Regional cooperation seeks to monitor the progress of the disease and focus action measures on four axes, defined according to the most common points of intervention to break the transmission cycle and consequently reduce the incidence and prevalence of the disease. This review used literature obtained from different databases, virtual libraries and regional and local websites with the aim of describing the main control, surveillance and prevention strategies currently applied in our country.

A equinococose cística é uma zoonose de origem parasitária com distribuição cosmopolita. Em nosso país, continua a ser uma doença endêmica, afetando principalmente pequenos centros populacionais e áreas rurais pobres relacionadas à produção de ovinos. Os planos de controle exigem uma abordagem holística, com a participação de diferentes instituições, profissionais e, principalmente, da comunidade. A cooperação regional busca monitorar o progresso da doença e concentrar as medidas de ação em quatro eixos, definidos de acordo com os pontos de intervenção mais comuns para interromper o ciclo de transmissão e, consequentemente, reduzir a incidência e a prevalência da doença. Esta revisão utilizou a literatura obtida em diferentes bases de dados, bibliotecas virtuais e sites regionais e locais com o objetivo de descrever as principais estratégias de controle, vigilância e prevenção aplicadas atualmente em nosso país.

Viruela símica humana: características epidemiológicas y clínicas de una serie de casos / Human monkeypox: epidemiological and clinical charac teristics of a series of cases

Resumen Introducción : Es una enfermedad zoonótica cuyo agente etiológico es el virus de la viruela símica. Desde el 1 de enero de 2022, se han notificado casos de viruela símica a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en 110 Estados Miembros en las 6 regiones de la OMS. Métodos : El presente trabajo es un estudio observa cional descriptivo de cohorte retrospectivo en primera instancia, y prospectivo al final, donde se describen las características epidemiológicas, la presentación clínica, y las complicaciones recabadas mediante llamado telefó nico al día 28 en 75 pacientes con diagnóstico de viruela símica confirmado por RT-PCR (correspondientes al 7% de los casos notificados en Argentina). Fue desarrollado entre el 12 de julio de 2022 y el 6 de octubre de 2022. Resultados : La población afectada fue en su totalidad hombres cisgénero, 70 (93.3%) identificados como hom bres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Cincuenta y uno (68%) estaban coinfectados con HIV, 50 (98%) esta ban recibiendo TARV. Todos los pacientes presentaron manifestaciones mucocutáneas. El exantema se mani festó con variedad de lesiones: papulares, vesiculares y pustulosas. En 26 (44.1%) los síntomas sistémicos se presentaron previos a la aparición del exantema, siendo el aumento de la temperatura corporal el más frecuente. Treinta y cuatro (45.3%) de los pacientes reportaron algu na complicación, siendo la proctitis la más frecuente se guida por edema de pene. Se observaron secuelas en 40 (53.3%), siendo la más frecuente las cicatrices cutáneas. Conclusión : En esta serie de casos pudimos observar mayormente cuadros leves, siendo las lesiones anogeni tales la presentación clínica más frecuente. La presencia de secuelas, el impacto social y emocional de esta enfer medad hacen necesario un enfoque multidisciplinario.

Abstract Introduction : Monkeypox It is a zoonotic disease. The etiologic agent is the monkeypox virus. Since January 1, 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 110 Member States across 6 WHO regions. Methods : The present work is a descriptive-ob servational-retrospective cohort in the first instance, and prospective at the end, where the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and complications collected by telephone call on day 28, are described 75 patients diagnosed with monkeypox, confirmed by RT-PCR (corresponding to 7% of the cases reported in Argentina). It was developed between July 12, 2022 and October 6, 2022. Results : The affected population was entirely cis gender men, 70 (93.3%) identified as men who have sex with men (MSM). Fifty-one (68%) were co-infected with HIV, 50 (98%) were receiving ART. All patients presented mucocutaneous manifestations. The rash manifested with a variety of lesions: papular, vesicular, and pustular. In 26 (44.1%) the systemic symptoms presented prior to the appearance of the rash, being the increase in body temperature the most frequent. Thirty-four (45.3%) of the patients reported some complication, with proctitis being the most frequent followed by penile edema. Se quelae were observed in 40 (53.3%), the most frequent being skin scars. Conclusion: In this case series we were able to ob serve mostly mild symptoms, with anogenital lesions being the most frequent clinical presentation. The pres ence of sequelae, the social and emotional impact of this disease make a multidisciplinary approach necessary.

Vigilancia serológica de la zoonosis parasitaria en 13 regiones de la sierra del Perú: Periodo 2016-2019 / Serological surveillance of parasitic zoonoses in 13 highlands regions of Peru: Period 2016-2019

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-IgG por infección de Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica y cisticerco de Taenia solium y describir las características de los infectados en 13 regiones de la sierra peruana entre 2016 y 2019. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional transversal, que analizó 7811 fichas epidemiológicas de la vigilancia basada en laboratorio de las zoonosis parasitarias del periodo 2016-2019. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG anti E. granulosus, F. hepatica y cisticerco de T. solium utilizando antígenos nativos mediante el ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA) e Inmunoblot. La diferencia en la frecuencia de casos de estas zoonosis según características identificadas se realizó mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados. Se determinó una seropositividad de 7,9% para fascioliasis, 4,9% para equinococosis quística, y 2,3% para cisticerco de T. solium. Estas frecuencias fueron mayores en Cerro de Pasco para equinococosis quística (24,5%), en Ayacucho para cisticerco de T. solium (4,5%) y en Puno para fascioliasis (40,6%). Entre las características sociodemográficas, se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la frecuencia de casos para todas las zoonosis según grupo etario, ocupación, y región de residencia. Además, se encontró diferencia con el consumo de verduras en emolientes, y entre las características clínico-epidemiológicas con tener antecedentes familiares de las zoonosis parasitarias. Conclusiones. A partir de las 7811 muestras evaluadas, se encontró que estas zoonosis parasitarias están distribuidas en 13 regiones de la sierra del Perú, ocasionando un problema de salud importante, con frecuencias que varían según diversas características.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine seropositivity to anti-IgG antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica and Taenia solium cysticercus infection and to describe the characteristics of the infected patients in 13 regions of the Peruvian highlands between 2016 and 2019. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, observational study, in which we analyzed 7811 epidemiological records of laboratory-based surveillance of parasitic zoonoses from 2016 to 2019. Diagnosis was established by detecting IgG type anti-E. granulosus, F. hepatica and T. solium cysticercus antibodies using native antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Immunoblot. We evaluated the difference in the frequency of the cases according to identified characteristics using Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results. Seropositivity was 7.9% for fascioliasis, 4.9% for cystic echinococcosis, and 2.3% for T. solium cysticercus. These rates were higher in Cerro de Pasco for cystic echinococcosis (24.5%), in Ayacucho for T. solium cysticercus (4.5%) and in Puno for fascioliasis (40.6%). Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, we found a statistically significant difference in the frequency of cases for all zoonoses according to age group, occupation, and region of residence. We also found a difference with the consumption of vegetables in emollients, and between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and having a family history of parasitic zoonoses. Conclusions. From the 7811 samples, we found that these parasitic zoonoses are distributed in 13 regions of the Peruvian highlands, and represent a major health problem, with frequencies that change according to different characteristics.

Equinococosis quística peritoneal diseminada en paciente con infección Por VIH: reporte de caso / Disseminated peritoneal cystic Echinococcosis in a patient with HIV: case report

RESUMEN La equinococosis quística es una infección zoonótica producida por la larva de Echinococcus granulosus que es capaz de invadir diversos órganos desde su ubicación en el intestino humano. En los casos de coinfección con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), existe una diversidad de complicaciones condicionadas por la enfermedad inmunosupresora con pronóstico reservado. El objetivo de este reporte es describir un caso de equinococosis multiquística peritoneal en una paciente en tratamiento antiviral para VIH durante casi diez años, que recibió la combinación de albendazol más cirugía, con evolución favorable. Este reporte sería el primero en el Perú en una persona con inmunosupresión por VIH y equinococosis quística.

ABSTRACT Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the larva of Echinococcus granulosus, which is capable of invading several organs starting from the human intestine. There are several complications in cases of co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which are conditioned by the immunosuppressive disease and have poor prognosis. This report aims to describe a case of multi-cystic peritoneal echinococcosis in a patient under antiviral treatment for HIV for almost ten years, who received albendazole, underwent surgery and progressed favorably. This would be the first Peruvian report of a person with HIV and cystic echinococcosis.

Morbimortalidade por zoonoses de acometimento respiratório em Minas Gerais: um estudo epidemiológico descritivo / Morbimortality due to respiratory affecting zoonoses in Minas Gerais: a descriptive epidemiological study

Objetivo: descrever os registros de óbitos e hospitalizações por zoonoses respiratórias em residentes de Minas Gerais, de 2000 a 2020. Métodos: utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa descritiva com dados secundários não nominais da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do estado. Os dados referem-se a 2000 a 2020 e foram retirados do SIM e SIH, sendo analisados sob a estatística descritiva. Resultados: registraram-se 46.178 hospitalizações e 13.317 óbitos, sendo os vírus os principais agentes nas taxas de internação e mortalidade, com pico em 2020. Entre 2000 e 2019, as internações foram predominantes em homens, faixa etária 0-17 anos (42,8%) e raça branca (13,6%), com maior mortalidade na faixa 45-59 anos (34,7%) e raça branca (54,0%). Em 2020, ambas predominaram em homens, acima de 60 anos e nas raças branca e parda. Conclusão: os achados contribuem para conhecer a ocorrência das zoonoses na população mineira e subsidiar futuras ações de vigilância e controle dessas doenças.

Objective: to describe the records of deaths and hospitalizations due to respiratory zoonoses in residents of Minas Gerais from 2000 to 2020. Methods: a descriptive quantitative approach was used with non-nominal secondary data from the State Department of Health. Data refers to the years between 2000-2020 and were taken from SIM and SIH, being analyzed under descriptive statistics. Results: there were 46,178 hospitalizations and 13,317 deaths, with viruses being the main agents in hospitalization and mortality rates, with a peak in 2020. Between 2000 and 2019, hospitalizations were predominant in men aged 0-17 years (42.8%) and white race (13.6%), with higher mortality in the 45-59 age group (34.7%) and white race (54.0%). In 2020, both predominated in men over 60 years old, both in white and Hispanic races. Conclusion: the findings explain the occurrence of zoonoses in the population of Minas Gerais and support future surveillance and control actions for these diseases.

Características e diagnóstico laboratorial das infecções causadas pelo hantavírus: revisão integrativa / Characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by hantavirus: integrative review

A hantavirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que utiliza como vetores roedores, musaranhos, toupeiras e morcegos. Os sintomas da infecção pelo hantavírus assemelham-se aos de diversas doenças, por isso o diagnóstico laboratorial é crucial para o tratamento precoce. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as características e diagnóstico laboratorial da hantavirose. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com base no modelo PRISMA, com seleção de estudos nas bases de dados Portal de Periódicos da Capes, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram empregados os descritores: hantavírus, diagnóstico laboratorial, exames e zoonose, em português e inglês, no período de 2015 a 2022, sendo selecionados 19 artigos científicos em atendimento aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados e Discussão: Diversas técnicas diagnósticas podem ser empregadas em casos de hantavirose, sendo a biologia molecular a mais empregada, conjuntamente com a imunologia. Há outros recursos utilizados para monitoramento e evolução da doença, como a bioquímica, a hematologia e a imagenologia. Para a ocorrência de hantavirose é necessário um ambiente propício, clima específico e contato com hospedeiro suscetível, podendo evoluir para quadros assintomáticos ou sintomáticos com complicações graves. Conclusão: O diagnóstico dessa doença é desafiador e requer investigação detalhada que inclua a sintomatologia do paciente, o histórico de exposição a animais reservatórios e os resultados de exames laboratoriais. Como desfechos negativos da hantavirose incluem-se a febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal, a síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus e o óbito

Hantavirus is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that uses rodents, shrews, moles and bats as vectors. The symptoms of hantavirus infection resemble those of many diseases, so laboratory diagnosis is crucial for early treatment. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct a literature review on the characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus. Methods: This is an integrative literature review based on the PRISMA model, with a selection of studies in the Capes Portal de Periódicos, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Virtual Health Library databases, using the descriptors: hantavirus, laboratory diagnosis, exams, and zoonosis, in portuguese and english, from 2015 to 2022, and nineteen scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results and Discussion: Several techniques can be used in cases of hantavirus, with molecular biology being the most evidenced along with immunology. There are other parameters that are used for monitoring and evolution of the disease, such as biochemistry, hematology, and imaging. For the hantavirus disease, an adequate environment, specific climate and contact with a susceptible host are necessary, which may lead to asymptomatic conditions or symptoms with more serious complications. Conclusion: The diagnosis of this disease is challenging and requires detailed investigation that includes the patient's symptoms, the history of exposure to reservoir animals and the results of laboratory tests. Negative outcomes of hantavirus infection include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and death

Estudo descritivo de casos notificados de febre maculosa em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais entre 2007 e 2016 / Descriptive study of reported cases of spotted fever in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016

Resumo Introdução A febre maculosa é uma doença infecciosa aguda causada por bactérias do gênero Rickettsia e transmitida por carrapatos que pode levar à hospitalização e, eventualmente, a óbito por causa de quadros mais graves. Objetivo O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o cenário epidemiológico da doença nas três unidades federativas de maior número de notificações e óbitos pela doença no Brasil entre 2007 e 2016. Método Estudo epidemiológico descritivo com base nos dados das fichas de investigação para a doença, sendo analisados dados demográficos, geográficos, ambientais e de hospitalização, diagnóstico e desfecho dos casos na área de estudo. Resultados Foram confirmados 953 casos da doença, em sua maioria por critérios laboratoriais, sendo observada maior prevalência entre homens com idade média de 35 anos, pouco relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho, mas amplamente relacionados ao meio urbano. Do total de casos confirmados, 64% pacientes afirmaram ter tido algum contato com carrapato, assim como com cães (36%), capivaras (20%) e equinos (19%). Conclusão Existem questionamentos a respeito da doença que não foram elucidados neste artigo, entretanto abordagens criativas, validadas e ancoradas na associação de áreas de conhecimento distintas poderão dar bons resultados se objetivamente aplicadas em ações estratégicas da gestão da saúde.

Abstract Background Spotted fever is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and transmitted by ticks, which can lead to hospitalization and, eventually, death due to more severe conditions. Objective The purpose of this article was to describe the epidemiological scenario of the disease in the three federal states with the highest number of notifications and deaths due to the disease in Brazil between 2007 and 2016. Method A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out based on data from the investigation forms for the disease, with data being analyzed on demographic, geographic, environmental, and hospitalization, diagnosis, and outcome of cases in the study area. Results 953 cases of the disease were confirmed, mostly by laboratory criteria, with a higher prevalence being observed among men with an average age of 35 years, little related to the work environment, but largely related to the urban environment. Of the total confirmed cases, 64% of patients said that they had had some contact with ticks, as well as with dogs (36%), capybaras (20%), and horses (19%). Conclusion We believe that there are questions about the disease that were not elucidated in this article, however, creative approaches, validated and anchored in the association of different areas of knowledge can give good results if objectively applied in strategic health management actions.

Appraising epidemiology data and antimicrobial resistance of urinary tract infections in critically ill adult patients: a 7-year retrospective study in a referral Brazilian hospital

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly preventable and have significant clinical and financial impact on the patient and the health care system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate UTIs in critically ill adult patients and the relationship of antimicrobial consumption and multidrug-resistant isolate. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort study performed in a Brazilian tertiary-care university hospital in the city of Uberlandia (MG), located at the Federal University of Uberlandia, southeast region of the country. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 363 patients with first episode of UTIs from the adult intensive care unit (ICU), from January 2012 to December 2018. The daily doses of antimicrobial administered were calculated. RESULTS: The incidence rate of UTI was 7.2/1000 patient days, with 3.5/1000 patient-days of bacteriuria, and 2.1/1000 patient-days of candiduria. Of 373 microorganisms identified, 69 (18.4%) were Gram-positive cocci, 190 (50.9%) Gram-negative bacilli, and 114 yeasts (30.7%). Escherichia coli and Candida spp. were the most common. Patients with candiduria had higher comorbidity score (Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 3), longer length of stay (P = 0.0066), higher mortality (P = < 0.0001) severe sepsis, septic shock, and were immunocompromised when compared with patients with bacteriuria. We observed correlation between antibiotics consumption and multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. CONCLUSION: The UTIs incidence was high and was mainly caused by Gram-negative bacteria that were resistant to common antibiotics. We observed increase in the consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics in ICU correlating with MDR microorganisms. In general, ICU-acquired candiduria may be associated with critical illness and poor prognosis.

Associação entre determinantes em saúde e ocorrência de casos humanos de leptospirose em Minas Gerais: um estudo ecológico 2010-2019 / Association between health determinants and the occurrence of human cases of leptospirosis in Minas Gerais: an ecological study 2010-2019

Introdução: A leptospirose é considerada um problema de saúde pública com grande impacto social e econômico. A doença foi citada como duplamente omissa, uma vez já classificada na literatura internacional como doença tropical negligenciada (DTN), ainda conta com a baixa atenção governamental. Tal fato, pode estar associado ao adoecimento por essa enfermidade atingir majoritariamente a porção pobre e marginalizada da sociedade. Objetivos: O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a associação entre determinantes em saúde e adoecimento por leptospirose nos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais no período de 2010 a 2019. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, no qual as unidades de análise foram os 853 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados dados secundários agregados não nominais entre os anos de 2010 e 2019. Foi utilizado o Modelo Binomial Negativo com Inflação de Zeros como técnica de análise multivariada, considerando a incidência por leptospirose em 2016 como desfecho e os indicadores do Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social de 2016 ou em data mais próxima disponível como variáveis explicativas Resultados: Os resultados do modelo múltiplo demonstraram que os fatores que permaneceram associados à incidência de leptospirose foram os índices de Saúde, Educação, Renda e Emprego e a variável Infraestrutura Urbana. Segundo os coeficientes estimados, o índice de saúde do IMRS foi associado a um aumento da incidência de leptospirose. Por outro lado, os demais fatores ­ índice de educação, renda e emprego e a variável infraestrutura urbana ­ estiveram associados a menores taxas da doença, agindo assim, como fatores de proteção ao adoecimento. Conclusão: Há uma forte associação da leptospirose com a pobreza no estado de Minas Gerais. O investimento em infraestrutura urbana e garantia de condições sanitárias favoráveis para a população, bem como melhora da propagação de informação e educação reduziria o impacto da doença na população pobre e desassistida.

Introduction: Leptospirosis is considered a public health problem with great social and economic impact. The disease was cited as doubly omitted, since it is already classified in the international literature as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), it still has low government attention. This fact may be associated with the illness caused by this disease, which mostly affects the poor and marginalized portion of society. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association between health determinants and the illness from leptospirosis in the municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais from 2010 to 2019. Methodology: This is an ecological study and the units of analysis were the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. Non-nominal aggregated secondary data between the years 2010 and 2019 were used. The Negative Binomial Model with Zero Inflation was used as a multivariate analysis technique, considering the incidence of leptospirosis in 2016 as the outcome and the IMRS indicators of 2016 or on a date closest available as explanatory variables Results: The results of the multiple model showed that the factors that remained associated with the incidence of leptospirosis were the Health, Education, Income and Employment indexes and the Urban Infrastructure variable. According to the estimated coefficients, the IMRS health index was associated with an increased incidence of leptospirosis. On the other hand, the other factors ­ education, income and employment index and the urban infrastructure variable ­ were associated with lower rates of the disease, thus acting as protective factors against illness. Conclusion: There is a strong association between leptospirosis and poverty in the state of Minas Gerais. Investment in urban infrastructure and guaranteeing favorable sanitary conditions for the population, as well as improving the dissemination of information and education would reduce the impact of the disease on the poor and underserved population. Descriptors: Social Determinants of Health; Zoonosis Surveillance; Leptospirosis, Social Vulnerability, Ecological Studies.

Detection of Bartonella bovis DNA in blood samples from a veterinarian in Mexico

ABSTRACT The genus Bartonella encompasses 38 validated species of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that colonize the endothelial cells and erythrocytes of a wide spectrum of mammals. To date, 12 Bartonella species have been recorded infecting humans, causing diseases of long historical characterization, such as cat scratch fever and trench fever, and emerging bartonellosis that mainly affect animal health professionals. For this reason, this study aimed to report a documented case of Bartonella bovis infecting a veterinarian from Mexico by the amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the citrate synthase (gltA) and the RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) genes, and to report the natural course of this infection. To our knowledge, this work is the first to report the transmission of B. bovis via needlestick transmission to animal health workers in Latin America.

Hidatidosis pulmonar: Reporte de casos y preludio endémico de la equinococosis quística humana en Paraguay

El Paraguay integra la Iniciativa Sudamericana para el Control y Vigilancia de Equinococosis Quística. Con el fin de optimizar los informes epidemiológicos sobre hidatidosis, presentamos tres casos clínicos vistos en centros nacionales y realizamos una revisión de la literatura local sobre el tópico. Desde 1969 hasta la fecha se describen 70 casos de equinococosis quística. Se requieren estudios epidemiológicos sistemáticos para evaluar el grado de penetración, la distribución geográfica y las características de transmisión de esta enfermedad en nuestro país.

Paraguay is a member of the South American Initiative for the Control and Surveillance of Cystic Echinococcosis. In order to optimize the epidemiological reports on hydatidosis, we present three clinical cases seen in national centers and we carry out a review of the local literature on the topic. From 1969 to date, 70 cases of cystic echinococcosis have been described. Systematic epidemiological studies are required to assess the degree of penetration, geographic distribution, and transmission characteristics of this disease in our country.

Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the largest populated city Karachi, Pakistan / Prevalência de leishmaniose cutânea na maior cidade populosa de Karachi, Paquistão

The study was undertaken from September 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human beings living in six districts of Karachi. Suspected persons were screened for the disease and positive cases were identified on the basis of skin lesions and blood samples. Samples were observed by mounting their smear. A total of 207 subjects of different ages and sex groups were investigated, however, only 192 (92%) of the suspected cases were found to have the disease 64% of cases were male which were significantly high (p<0.05), than female 36%. The lesion was more frequently detected among the youth ages of 21-30 years (31%) as compared to other groups. In both sexes, legs were found to be more infected (25% male + 20% female) followed by arms (20% male + 0% female) and face (15% male +11% female). The mixed body parts had shown the lowest infections such as (4% in males + 5%) in females. In conclusion, the highest and lowest leishmaniasis infections were observed in District West (23% male + 9% female) followed by District East (15% male + 7% female), District Malir (11% male+ 4% female), District Central (7% male + 5% female), District Korangi (4% male + 7% female) and District South (4% male + 4% female) respectively.

O estudo foi realizado de setembro de 2018 a abril de 2019 para determinar a prevalência de leishmaniose tegumentar em seres humanos que vivem em seis distritos de Karachi. Pessoas suspeitas foram rastreadas para a doença e os casos positivos foram identificados com base em lesões de pele e amostras de sangue. As amostras foram observadas montando seu esfregaço. Um total de 207 indivíduos de diferentes idades e grupos sexuais foi investigado, no entanto apenas 192 (92%) dos casos suspeitos foram encontrados para ter a doença; 64% dos casos eram do sexo masculino, que foram significativamente elevados (p < 0,05), e do sexo feminino 36%. A lesão foi detectada com maior frequência entre os jovens de 21 a 30 anos (31%) em comparação com os outros grupos. Em ambos os sexos, as pernas estavam mais infectadas (25% homens + 20% mulheres), seguidas pelos braços (20% homens + 0% mulheres) e rosto (15% homens + 11% mulheres). As partes mistas do corpo mostraram as infecções mais baixas (4% homens + 5% mulheres). Em conclusão, as infecções de leishmaniose mais altas e mais baixas foram observadas no Distrito Oeste (23% homens + 9% mulheres) seguido pelo Distrito Leste (15% homens + 7% mulheres), Distrito Malir (11% homens + 4% mulheres), Distrito Central (7% homens + 5% mulheres), Distrito Korangi (4% homens + 7% mulheres) e Distrito Sul (4% homens + 4% mulheres), respectivamente.

Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the largest populated city Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract. The study was undertaken from September 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human beings living in six districts of Karachi. Suspected persons were screened for the disease and positive cases were identified on the basis of skin lesions and blood samples. Samples were observed by mounting their smear. A total of 207 subjects of different ages and sex groups were investigated, however, only 192 (92%) of the suspected cases were found to have the disease 64% of cases were male which were significantly high (p 0.05), than female 36%. The lesion was more frequently detected among the youth ages of 21-30 years (31%) as compared to other groups. In both sexes, legs were found to be more infected (25% male + 20% female) followed by arms (20% male + 0% female) and face (15% male +11% female). The mixed body parts had shown the lowest infections such as (4% in males + 5%) in females. In conclusion, the highest and lowest leishmaniasis infections were observed in District West (23% male + 9% female) followed by District East (15% male + 7% female), District Malir (11% male+ 4% female), District Central (7% male + 5% female), District Korangi (4% male + 7% female) and District South (4% male + 4% female) respectively.

Resumo O estudo foi realizado de setembro de 2018 a abril de 2019 para determinar a prevalência de leishmaniose tegumentar em seres humanos que vivem em seis distritos de Karachi. Pessoas suspeitas foram rastreadas para a doença e os casos positivos foram identificados com base em lesões de pele e amostras de sangue. As amostras foram observadas montando seu esfregaço. Um total de 207 indivíduos de diferentes idades e grupos sexuais foi investigado, no entanto apenas 192 (92%) dos casos suspeitos foram encontrados para ter a doença; 64% dos casos eram do sexo masculino, que foram significativamente elevados (p 0,05), e do sexo feminino 36%. A lesão foi detectada com maior frequência entre os jovens de 21 a 30 anos (31%) em comparação com os outros grupos. Em ambos os sexos, as pernas estavam mais infectadas (25% homens + 20% mulheres), seguidas pelos braços (20% homens + 0% mulheres) e rosto (15% homens + 11% mulheres). As partes mistas do corpo mostraram as infecções mais baixas (4% homens + 5% mulheres). Em conclusão, as infecções de leishmaniose mais altas e mais baixas foram observadas no Distrito Oeste (23% homens + 9% mulheres) seguido pelo Distrito Leste (15% homens + 7% mulheres), Distrito Malir (11% homens + 4% mulheres), Distrito Central (7% homens + 5% mulheres), Distrito Korangi (4% homens + 7% mulheres) e Distrito Sul (4% homens + 4% mulheres), respectivamente.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs in a rural area of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em cães de área rural de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract We investigated the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs in rural areas of the municipality of Painel, Santa Catarina, Brazil. For this, 91 canine feces samples were collected from 82 farms between August, 2017 and January, 2018. These fecal materials were processed using the techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugation-floatation in zinc sulfate and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. A questionnaire in the form of an interview was administered to the dogs' owner and information about the farm and the main care provided for the dogs was obtained. Among 91 sampled dogs, 27 (29.7%) were positive for at least one parasite species. Ancylostoma was the most prevalent genus (16.5%), followed by Giardia duodenalis (14.3%), Trichuris vulpis (6.6%), Toxocara canis (5.5%), Entamoeba spp. (4.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3.3%) and Taeniidae (1.1%). Most dogs do not receive veterinarian care and rarely received antiparasitic treatment. They were free to roam and had free access to animal remains and garbage, which was reflected in the significant associations with the occurrence of parasites that were found. We conclude that rural dogs harbor gastrointestinal parasites, but that their owners are unaware of the risks that these parasites can bring to human health.

Resumo Foi investigada a ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais com potencial zoonótico, em cães de área rural do munícipio de Painel, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para isso, foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 91 cães de 82 propriedades rurais, no período de agosto de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Este material fecal foi processado pelas técnicas de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em sulfato de zinco e coloração pelo Ziehl-Neelsen. Um questionário em forma de entrevista foi aplicado aos tutores dos cães e foram obtidas informações sobre a propriedade rural e principais cuidados com os cães. Entre as 91 amostras de fezes, em 27 (29,7%) foi detectada a presença de parasitos gastrintestinais, sendo Ancylostoma o gênero mais prevalente (15 / 16,5%), seguido por Giardia duodenalis (13 / 14,3%), Trichuris vulpis (6 / 6,6%), Toxocara canis (5 / 5,5%), Entamoeba spp. (4 / 4,8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3 / 3,3%) e Taeniidae (1 / 1,1%). A maioria dos cães não recebia cuidados veterinários ou antiparasitários. Concluiu-se que os cães de área rural albergam parasitos gastrintestinais, porém seus tutores desconhecem os riscos que esses parasitos podem trazer para a saúde humana.

Research advances in the interspecies transmission of hepatitis E virus / 临床肝胆病杂志

‍Hepatitis E virus （HEV） is a pathogen for viral hepatitis and can be transmitted across species via animals. The incidence rate of hepatitis E caused by HEV infection ranks first among acute viral hepatitis worldwide， and now it has become a major public health issue that threatens human health. In recent years， more and more species have been identified as the natural hosts of HEV， and there are more routes for the interspecies transmission of HEV， which greatly inhibits the prevention and control of this virus. Therefore， this article reviews and discusses the advances in the interspecies transmission of HEV， so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of HEV.

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis y brucelosis en búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) en Tierralta Córdoba, Colombia

En la producción zootécnica, la brucelosis y la leptospirosis ocasionan problemas reproductivos y son una limitante en salud y en producción animal. El objetivo fue determinar la presencia de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. y Brucella abortus, en una población bufalera, en el municipio de Tierralta, Córdoba. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que incluyó un total de 144 búfalos de la raza Murrah, destinados al doble propósito. Para el diagnóstico de Leptospira spp., se implementó la prueba de aglutinación microscópica, con 13 serogrupos, 19 serovares pertenecientes a 5 especies de Leptospira patógenas y para brucelosis Rosa de Bengala y C-Elisa. La seroprevalencia para Leptospira spp. fue del 87,5 %, el serogrupo Mini fue el de mayor frecuencia, pero Grippotyphosa presentó el mayor título. El 16,67 % de los búfalos evaluados presentaron títulos iguales o superiores a 1:800, asociados con infección actual o reciente. La alta seroprevalencia, se puede deber a las características ambientales de la zona, que brinda las condiciones favorables para el crecimiento y el mantenimiento de este patógeno que, sumado al comportamiento de los búfalos de revolcarse, los hace propensos a las infecciones con bacterias del género Leptospira sp., porque a menudo, las fuentes de agua están contaminadas por este patógeno. La seroprevalencia contra B. abortus por Rosa de Bengala y Elisa-C fue del 2,08 %. Todos los títulos determinados corresponden a procesos infecciosos. No hubo signos clínicos de enfermedad y la carencia de registros productivos no permitió determinar el efecto sobre los parámetros reproductivos.

In animal production, brucellosis and leptospirosis cause reproductive problems and limit animal health and production. The objective was to determine the presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in a buffalo population in the municipality of Tierralta, Cordoba. A descriptive, transversal study was carried out including a population of 144 Murrah´s breed buffalos destined for beef and milk production. For the Leptospira spp. diagnostic, was used a rapid slide agglutination test with 13 serogrups and 19 serovars belonging to 5 pathogenic Leptospira species was implemented and for Brucella abortus Rose Bengal and C-Elisa was used. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. was 87,5 %, serogrup Mini was the most frequent, but Grippotyphosa showed the higher titer. The 16,67 % of the buffaloes evaluated presented titles equal to or above than 1:800 associated with current or recent infection. High seroprevalence may be due to environmental characteristics of the zone, which gives favorable conditions for the growth and maintenance of this pathogen, these factors in conjunction with the habit of wallowing makes them prone to suffering infections caused by bacteria of the genera Leptospira sp. since water sources are often contaminated. Seroprevalence against B. abortus by Rose-Bengal and C-Elisa was 2,08 %, the determined titers correspond to infectious processes. There were no clinical manifestations of disease and the effects on reproductive parameters were not determined because of the lack of productive registries.

Anisakidae parasites in frozen fish fillets intended for human consumption / Parásitos anisákidos en filetes de pescado congelado destinados a consumo humano

Introduction: Anisakiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw fish or shellfish containing larvae of the Anisakidae family. It is currently considered an emerging disease of public health interest. Objective: To identify the presence of larvae of the Anisakidae family in samples of frozen raw fish fillets intended for human consumption in markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which larvae of the Anisakidae family were detected and identified in frozen raw fish fillets from three representative markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area. A total of 384 ready for consumption fillets were analyzed (197 sawfish, 137 salmon, 37 tuna, and 13 hake), using the pressing and ultraviolet light method. Taxonomic keys were used to identify the collected parasites and to establish its genus. Conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing was performed to determine the species. Results: Four larvae were found in 4 of the 384 (1.04%) fillets (CI95% 1.04 ± 1.01%). The species of fish in which the larvae were found was sawfish (Scomberomorus spp.) and the genus and species of the larvae was established as Anisakis pegreffii. Conclusions: According to the study, the presence of Anisakis parasites in frozen raw fish fillets in the influence area is evident.

Introducción. La anisakiasis es una infección producida por parásitos de la familia Anisakidae, transmitida a los humanos por el consumo de pescado o mariscos crudos. En la actualidad, se considera una enfermedad emergente de interés en salud pública. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de larvas de la familia Anisakidae en muestras de filetes de pescado crudo congelado destinados a consumo humano, en mercados de Medellín y su área metropolitana en Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, en el cual se buscó la presencia de larvas de la familia Anisakidae en filetes de pescado crudo congelado de tres mercados representativos de Medellín y su área metropolitana. Se analizaron 384 filetes listos para el consumo (197 sierras, 137 salmones, 37 atunes y 13 merluzas). Cada filete fue analizado mediante el método de prensado y luz ultravioleta. Los parásitos recolectados se identificaron a partir de claves taxonómicas para establecer el género, así como PCR convencional y posterior secuenciación Sanger, para determinar la especie. Resultados. Se encontraron 4 larvas en 4 de los 384 filetes (1,04 %) (IC95% 1,04 ± 1,01 %). Las larvas encontradas fueron identificadas como Anisakis pegreffi y el tipo de pescado en el cual se encontraron fue la sierra (Scomberomorus spp.) Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el estudio realizado, se evidencia la presencia de parásitos anisákidos en filetes de pescado crudo congelado en el área de influencia.

Circulación de Leishmania infantum y Trypanosoma cruzi en perros domésticos de áreas urbanas de Sincelejo, región Caribe de Colombia / Silent circulation of Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi among urban dogs from Sincelejo city, Caribbean region of Colombia

Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis tradicionalmente se han considerado zoonosis endémicas de áreas rurales del país. Sin embargo, la aparición de casos de estas enfermedades en áreas urbanas sugiere nuevos ciclos de circulación de estos parásitos. Por esta razón, se ha propuesto a los perros como centinelas de estos agentes zoonóticos, dado su rol como huéspedes accidentales o reservorios. Objetivo. Evaluar la circulación silenciosa de Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma cruzi en perros de zonas urbanas de la ciudad de Sincelejo, Sucre. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 100 muestras de sangre de perros para amplificar la región ITS1 de Leishmania spp. Las muestras positivas se utilizaron para amplificar la región conservada del minicírculo del ADN del cinetoplasto de Leishmania infantum y para el análisis de polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción con la endonucleasa HaelII. Por otra parte, se amplificó un fragmento del ADN satelital de T. cruzi. Además, se evaluó la presencia de infecciones por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma platys, como potencialmente modificadoras de las manifestaciones clínicas. Resultados. De los 100 perros estudiados, se detectó: Leishmania spp. en 32, T. cruzi en 12, ambos parásitos en 7 y L. infantum en 18. Se encontraron infecciones por anaplasmatáceos en 18, y coinfecciones por bacterias y parásitos en 8 de los perros. En general, 47 de los animales estaban infectados por, al menos, un agente etiológico. Conclusión. Se demuestra la circulación de L. infantum y T. cruzi en zonas urbanas de Sincelejo, así como coinfecciones de estos parásitos junto con parásitos de la familia Anaplasmataceae. El presente estudio demuestra la conveniencia del uso de perros en la vigilancia epidemiológica de estos agentes zoonóticos.

Introduction: Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi are considered endemic zoonotic agents in rural areas of the country; however, there is a high risk of urbanization due to anthropogenic processes. For this reason, dogs have been proposed as sentinels of these zoonoses given their role as patients, hosts and/or reservoirs. Objective: To assess the silent circulation of Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi parasites in canines from urban areas of Sincelejo, Sucre. Materials and methods: One hundred canine blood samples were used to amplify the ITS1 region of Leishmania spp. Positive samples were used to amplify the conserved region of the kinetoplast DNA minicircle of L. infantum and for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with HaelII endonuclease. In addition, a satellite DNA of T. cruzi was amplified. Also, the presence of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys was evaluated as infections that can influence clinical symptoms and health of animals. Results: Leishmania spp. was detected in 32% (32/100) and T. cruzi in 12% (12/100) of the animals, and 7% (7/100) of the samples were positive for both parasites. Also, L. infantum and infections with Anaplasmataceae family parasites were both detected in 18 % (18/100) of the samples. In the same way, co-infections with bacteria and parasites were found in 8 % (8/100) of the animals. Overall, 47 % (47/100) of the animals were infected with at least one agent. Conclusion: The circulation of L. infantum and T. cruzi, as well as co-infections of pathogens of the Anaplasmataceae family, is demonstrated in urban areas of Sincelejo. The present study demonstrates the convenience of canines as epidemiological surveillance sentinels of these zoonotic agents.

Epidemiological aspects of the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystis spp. andanti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs in the Northern region of Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystisspp. e anti-Toxoplasma gondii em cães da região norte do Brasil

We conducted aseroepidemiological study on the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystisspp. and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from family farming properties in the municipality of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia.Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs between September 2012 and November 2013. In total, 181 blood serum samples were analyzed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, among which 57 (31.49%) and 20 (11.04%) were positive for anti-T. gondii and anti-Sarcocystis spp., respectively. Statistical analyses showed that the type of food fed to the dogs was associated with the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystisspp. antibodies. In contrast, age and access to bovine carcasses were the risk factors for anti-T. gondii.The high occurrence of seropositive dogs for Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii evidences the wide distribution of these agents in the studied area, possibly due to human and animal exposure to these protozoan species. In addition, anti-T. gondii antibodies were directly proportional to dog age. The increase in the number of positive animals with age was statistically significant. Furthermore, high antibody titers (up to 800) against Sarcocystis spp. in dogs suggest the possibility of recent exposure, in addition to environmental contamination by oocysts/sporocysts eliminated by the feces of these animals.

Conduzimos um estudo soroepidemiológico sobre a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- Sarcocystis spp. e anti-Toxoplasma gondiiem cães de propriedades de agricultura familiar no município de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de cães aparentemente saudáveis, entre setembro de 2012 e novembro de 2013. Ao todo, foram analisados 181 soros sanguíneos por meio do ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta, sendo positivas 57 (31,49%) e 20 (11,04%) amostras para anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-Sarcocystis spp., respectivamente. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que o tipo de alimentação fornecida aos cães esteve associado à ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis spp. Em contraste a idade e o acesso à carcaça bovina foram fatores de risco para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. A alta ocorrência de cães soropositivos para Sarcocystis spp. e T. gondii evidencia a ampla distribuição desses agentes na área estudada, possivelmente devido à exposição humana e animal a essas espécies de protozoários. Além disso, o resultado dos anticorpos anti-T. gondii relacionados a idade do cão mostraram diferença estatística, com aumento significativo no número de animais positivos com a idade. Além disso, altos títulos de anticorpos (até 800) contra Sarcocystis spp. em cães sugerem a possibilidade de exposição recente, além da contaminação ambiental por oocistos/esporocistos eliminados pelas fezes desses animais.